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Chiarello, A. G. (2008). Sloth ecology: an overview of field studies. The biology of the Xenarthra, 269-280. What is clear is that any single explanation maybe possible for any given individual, but it is the social implications of ‘obesity’ that have now turned it into today’s ‘epidemic’ of obesity. The cultural implications of these claims are vitiated by specific, contemporary attitudes towards the body and its meanings within the system in which it is found. As a culturally bound concept ‘epidemic’ today has the power that ‘gluttony’ had in the Middle Ages. Both gain their power from the system of meaning that shapes attitudes towards socially acceptable and non-acceptable categories. We must remember that this anxiety about epidemics is a recent if resurgent phenomenon (it mirrors the rhetoric of the 19th century). As late as 1969 the then Surgeon General of the United States, William T. Stewart, suggested to Congress that it was now ‘time to close the book on infectious disease as a major health threat’. Three decades later, in 1996, Gro Harlem Brundtland, the then Director-General of the World Health Organization, gave a very different prophecy: ‘We stand on the brink of a global crisis in infectious diseases. No country is safe from them’. We moved from a sense of accomplishment to one of foreboding. The new epidemic is that of ‘fat’ – though in 2009 ‘swine flu’ has come to challenge for the moment its centrality in the public sphere. The Haslams believe that their physiology of fat reflects transhistorical (evolutionary or physiological) truths, not cultural meanings grafted onto the social implications of body size. Chiarello, A. & Moraes-Barros, N. (2014). " Bradypus torquatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T3036A47436575. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3036A47436575.en. Megalocnidae: the Greater Antilles sloths, a basal group that arose about 32 million years ago and became extinct about 5,000 years ago. [8] Scientists at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in February 2002 had already warned the government that obesity was now a ‘global epidemic’ – no longer confined to western, industrialized societies. This reflected a growing consensus in the 1990s that obesity (not smoking) was going to be the major public health issue of the new millennium. By 2005 the ‘war against obesity’ had replaced the ‘war against tobacco’, even though worldwide tobacco sales continue to increase. The phrase ‘war against obesity, sloth, and addiction’ appears in the UK in The Times as early as 1981 (4), and though sloth now seems an odd concept to be associated with the medicalization of obesity, the ‘laziness’ of the obese (read: their resistance to treatment and their non-compliance and their recidivism) is part of the vocabulary of obesity today.

Three-toed sloths go to the ground to urinate and defecate about once a week, digging a hole and covering it afterwards. They go to the same spot each time and are vulnerable to predation while doing so. Considering the large energy expenditure and dangers involved in the journey to the ground, this behaviour has been described as a mystery. [49] [50] [51] Recent research shows that moths, which live in the sloth's fur, lay eggs in the sloth's feces. When they hatch, the larvae feed on the feces, and when mature fly up onto the sloth above. These moths may have a symbiotic relationship with sloths, as they live in the fur and promote growth of algae, which the sloths eat. [5] Individual sloths tend to spend the bulk of their time feeding on a single "modal" tree; by burying their excreta near the trunk of that tree, they may also help nourish it. [52] Reproduction Their limbs are adapted for hanging and grasping, not for supporting their weight. Muscle mass makes up only 25 to 30 percent of their total body weight. Most other mammals have a muscle mass that makes up 40 to 45 percent of their total body weight. [31] Their specialised hands and feet have long, curved claws to allow them to hang upside down from branches without effort, [32] and are used to drag themselves along the ground, since they cannot walk. On three-toed sloths, the arms are 50 percent longer than the legs. [24] a b Gardner, A. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rded.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.100–101. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. All species of sloth live in South and Central America in various lowland rainforest areas. This includes countries such as Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Honduras, and Venezuela. Yet in the 21st century even the new global medicine of obesity stresses that there may well be a plurality of often-conflicting causes (read: meanings) of obesity. Central among them, however, are social and genetic-physiological explanations:There are six species of sloth, all with their own scientific names. They were previously all classified under the family Bradypodidae, but later research showed so many differences between two-toed and three-toed sloths that the two-toed sloths were given their own family, Megalonychidae. Scientists have determined that there are four distinct species of three-toed sloths and two distinct species of their two-toed cousins. Here are their scientific names: Svartman, Marta; Stone, Gary; Stanyon, Roscoe (21 July 2006). "The Ancestral Eutherian Karyotype Is Present in Xenarthra". PLOS Genetics. 2 (7): e109. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020109. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 1513266. PMID 16848642. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link) About the Sloth". Sloth Conservation Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021 . Retrieved 31 October 2019.

Recently obtained molecular data from collagen [8] and mitochondrial DNA sequences [19] fall in line with the diphyly (convergent evolution) hypothesis, but have overturned some of the other conclusions obtained from morphology. These investigations consistently place two-toed sloths close to mylodontids and three-toed sloths within Megatherioidea, close to Megalonyx, megatheriids and nothrotheriids. They make the previously recognized family Megalonychidae polyphyletic, with both two-toed sloths and Greater Antilles sloths being moved away from Megalonyx. Greater Antilles sloths are now placed in a separate, basal branch of the sloth evolutionary tree. [8] [19] Phylogeny Goffart, M. (1971). "Function and Form in the sloth". International Series of Monographs in Pure and Applied Biology. 34: 94–95.Two-toed sloths are omnivorous, with a diverse diet of insects, carrion, fruits, leaves and small lizards, ranging over up to 140 hectares (350 acres). Three-toed sloths, on the other hand, are almost entirely herbivorous (plant eaters), with a limited diet of leaves from only a few trees, [39] and no other mammal digests its food as slowly. Britton, S. W. (1 January 1941). "Form and Function in the Sloth". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 16 (1): 13–34. doi: 10.1086/394620. JSTOR 2808832. S2CID 85162387. Manly secret of non-mating sloth at London Zoo". BBC News. BBC. 19 August 2010. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020 . Retrieved 30 April 2015. Sloths are surprisingly strong swimmers and can reach speeds of 13.5 metres (44ft) per minute. [34] They use their long arms to paddle through the water and can cross rivers and swim between islands. [35] Sloths can reduce their already slow metabolism even further and slow their heart rate to less than a third of normal, allowing them to hold their breath underwater for up to 40 minutes. [36]