Elis and John Present the Holy Vible: The Book The Bible Could Have Been

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Sample verse:'But if any one has the world’s goods and sees his brother in need, yet closes his heart against him, how does God’s love abide in him?' ( 1 John 3.17) Biblical texts have always required interpretation, and this has given rise to multiple views and approaches according to the interplay between various religions and the book. [225]

The Hebrew Bible has 39 books, written over a long period of time, and is the literary archive of the ancient nation of Israel. It was traditionally arranged in three sections. The Samaritan Pentateuch is a version of the Torah maintained by the Samaritan community since antiquity, which was rediscovered by European scholars in the 17th century; its oldest existing copies date to c. 1100 CE. [36] Samaritans include only the Pentateuch (Torah) in their biblical canon. [37] They do not recognize divine authorship or inspiration in any other book in the Jewish Tanakh. [b] A Samaritan Book of Joshua partly based upon the Tanakh's Book of Joshua exists, but Samaritans regard it as a non-canonical secular historical chronicle. [38] Levidas writes that, "The Koine Greek New Testament is a non-translated work; most scholars agree on this–despite disagreement on the possibility that some passages may have appeared initially in Aramaic... It is written in the Koine Greek of the first century [CE]". [259] Early Christians translated the New Testament into Old Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic, and Latin, among other languages. [50] The earliest Latin translation was the Old Latin text, or Vetus Latina, which, from internal evidence, seems to have been made by several authors over a period of time. [260] [261]The books of the Bible were initially written and copied by hand on papyrus scrolls. [12] No originals have survived. The age of the original composition of the texts is therefore difficult to determine and heavily debated. Using a combined linguistic and historiographical approach, Hendel and Joosten date the oldest parts of the Hebrew Bible (the Song of Deborah in Judges 5 and the Samson story of Judges 16 and 1 Samuel) to having been composed in the premonarchial early Iron Age ( c. 1200 BCE). [13] The Dead Sea Scrolls, discovered in the caves of Qumran in 1947, are copies that can be dated to between 250 BCE and 100 CE. They are the oldest existing copies of the books of the Hebrew Bible of any length that are not fragments. [14] Ketuvim or Kəṯûḇîm (in Biblical Hebrew: כְּתוּבִים "writings") is the third and final section of the Tanakh. The Ketuvim are believed to have been written under the inspiration of Ruach HaKodesh (the Holy Spirit) but with one level less authority than that of prophecy. [108] The Protestant Old Testament of the 21st century has a 39-book canon. The number of books (although not the content) varies from the Jewish Tanakh only because of a different method of division. The term "Hebrew scriptures" is often used as being synonymous with the Protestant Old Testament, since the surviving scriptures in Hebrew include only those books. Some New Testaments verses found to be later additions to the text are not included in modern English translations, despite appearing in older English translations such as the King James Version.

Since the Reformation era, Bible translations have been made into the common vernacular of many languages. The Bible continues to be translated to new languages, largely by Christian organizations such as Wycliffe Bible Translators, New Tribes Mission and Bible societies. Lamin Sanneh writes that tracing the impact on the local cultures of translating the Bible into local vernacular language shows it has produced "the movements of indigenization and cultural liberation". [270] "The translated scripture ... has become the benchmark of awakening and renewal". [211] Bible translations, worldwide (as of September2023 [update]) [271] Number New Testament books already had considerable authority in the late first and early second centuries. [164] Even in its formative period, most of the books of the NT that were seen as scripture were already agreed upon. Linguistics scholar Stanley E. Porter says "evidence from the apocryphal non-Gospel literature is the same as that for the apocryphal Gospels–in other words, that the text of the Greek New Testament was relatively well established and fixed by the time of the second and third centuries". [165] By the time the fourth century Fathers were approving the "canon", they were doing little more than codifying what was already universally accepted. [166] The original autographs, that is, the original Greek writings and manuscripts written by the original authors of the New Testament, have not survived. [176] But, historically, copies of those original autographs exist and were transmitted and preserved in a number of manuscript traditions. The three main textual traditions of the Greek New Testament are sometimes called the Alexandrian text-type (generally minimalist), the Byzantine text-type (generally maximalist), and the Western text-type (occasionally wild). Together they comprise most of the ancient manuscripts. Very early on, Christianity replaced scrolls with codexes, the forerunner of bound books, and by the 3rd century, collections of biblical books began being copied as a set. [177]Estēr ( Book of Esther) אֶסְתֵר ( Pûrîm) tells of a Hebrew woman in Persia who becomes queen and thwarts a genocide of her people. The English word Bible is derived from Koinē Greek: τὰ βιβλία, romanized: ta biblia, meaning "the books" (singular βιβλίον, biblion). [2] The Prophets is the largest section of the Hebrew Bible, and has two parts ('former prophets' and 'latter prophets').

What kind of translation?Formal equivalence – literal, staying close to the original sentence structure but changing it where meaning is compromisedFurther information: Category:New Testament content St. Jerome in His Study, published in 1541 by Marinus van Reymerswaele. Jerome produced a fourth-century Latin edition of the Bible, known as the Vulgate, that became the Catholic Church's official translation. In the biblical metaphysic, humans have free will, but it is a relative and restricted freedom. [86] Beach says that Christian voluntarism points to the will as the core of the self, and that within human nature, "the core of who we are is defined by what we love". [87] Natural law is in the Wisdom literature, the Prophets, Romans 1, Acts 17, and the book of Amos (Amos 1:3–2:5), where nations other than Israel are held accountable for their ethical decisions even though they don't know the Hebrew god. [88] Political theorist Michael Walzer finds politics in the Hebrew Bible in covenant, law, and prophecy, which constitute an early form of almost democratic political ethics. [89] Key elements in biblical criminal justice begin with the belief in God as the source of justice and the judge of all, including those administering justice on earth. [90] Pope Damasus I (366–383) commissioned Jerome to produce a reliable and consistent text by translating the original Greek and Hebrew texts into Latin. This translation became known as the Latin Vulgate Bible, in the 4th century CE (although Jerome expressed in his prologues to most deuterocanonical books that they were non-canonical). [262] [263] In 1546, at the Council of Trent, Jerome's Vulgate translation was declared by the Roman Catholic Church to be the only authentic and official Bible in the Latin Church. [264] The Greek-speaking East continued to use the Septuagint translations of the Old Testament, and they had no need to translate the Greek New Testament. [260] [261] This contributed to the East-West Schism. [53] The roots of many modern laws can be found in the Bible's teachings on due process, fairness in criminal procedures, and equity in the application of the law. [199] Judges are told not to accept bribes (Deuteronomy 16:19), are required to be impartial to native and stranger alike (Leviticus 24:22; Deuteronomy 27:19), to the needy and the powerful alike (Leviticus 19:15), and to rich and poor alike (Deuteronomy 1:16, 17; Exodus 23:2–6). The right to a fair trial, and fair punishment, are also found in the Bible (Deuteronomy 19:15; Exodus 21:23–25). Those most vulnerable in a patriarchal society–children, women, and strangers–are singled out in the Bible for special protection (Psalm 72:2, 4). [200] :47–48 Social responsibility The New Testament is a collection of 27 books [167] of 4 different genres of Christian literature ( Gospels, one account of the Acts of the Apostles, Epistles and an Apocalypse). These books can be grouped into: